Smoking during pregnancy is never a good idea, but new research shows it might double the risk of a baby dying from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
"Any maternal smoking during pregnancy -- even just one cigarette a day -- doubles the risk of sudden unexpected infant death [SUID, another term for unexplained infant deaths]," said lead researcher Tatiana Anderson. She is a fellow at Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research.
Doctors should strongly encourage women to give up smoking during pregnancy, or if they can't quit, to smoke less, she said. Each cigarette smoked increases the risk of SIDS, Anderson added.
If women didn't smoke during pregnancy, the rate of SIDS in the United States could be cut by 22 percent, preventing some 800 infant deaths a year, according to the new report
ed online March 11 in the journal Pediatrics.
Although 55 percent of the women in the study who smoked didn't stop or cut back during pregnancy, those who did markedly reduced the risk of SIDS, Anderson said.
Specifically, women who cut down on their smoking by the third trimester reduced the risk of SIDS by 12 percent. Women who quit by the third trimester reduced the risk by 23 percent, the researchers found.
For the study, Anderson and her colleagues collected data on more than 19,000 SUID cases. SUID cases include sudden infant death syndrome and other unknown causes of death, as well as suffocation and strangulation in bed of infants under age 1.
It's not just smoking, said Dr. Rahul Gupta, chief medical and health officer at the March of Dimes. But the more women smoke, the greater the risk for SUID becomes, he said.
Women should stop smoking before pregnancy and certainly during pregnancy, Gupta advised.
Smoking during pregnancy can impair the baby's brain development. In addition, women who smoke are depriving their baby of oxygen, as smoking decreases the amount of oxygen in the blood and, therefore, in the placenta, he explained.
"Smoking also causes preterm birth, decreases in development of the brain and respiratory system of the baby," Gupta said. "Nicotine has also been linked with an important part of the development of the brainstem in the infant."
Gupta explained that if an infant stops breathing during sleep, a mechanism in the brain senses the lack of oxygen and triggers breathing to start. This is called auto-resuscitation.
Nicotine, however, alters this response, he said. "That baby may not be able to auto-resuscitate, and as a result, we end up with sudden infant death syndrome," Gupta said.
Because e-cigarettes are a nicotine delivery device, they are not a safe alternative to cigarettes, he added.
"Nicotine is in the vaping device, so all the impacts we are talking about are still harmful when nicotine is delivered, regardless of the device," Gupta said. "Nicotine and babies do not match."
In addition, flavorings and other ingredients in e-cigarettes may be harmful to developing babies, he noted.
"Quitting smoking is one of the most effective actions you can take to protect yourself and your baby," Gupta said.
Sunday, June 16, 2019
Similarly, the counseling was not effective overall, though it seemed to help prevent depression in participants who attended a recommended number of sessions.
That suggests counseling works only if people get an adequate "dose" of therapy and make significant changes in their diet, according to the study
ed March 5 in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
"Because depression is such a common problem, finding effective and widely available ways to prevent depression at a population level is an important goal," said study co-author Ed Watkins.
He's a professor of experimental and applied clinical psychology at the University of Exeter in England.
"Diet and nutrition held promise as one means to reach large numbers of people. However, this trial convincingly demonstrates that nutritional supplements do not help to prevent depression," he said in a university news release.
ed March 5 in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
"Because depression is such a common problem, finding effective and widely available ways to prevent depression at a population level is an important goal," said study co-author Ed Watkins.
He's a professor of experimental and applied clinical psychology at the University of Exeter in England.
"Diet and nutrition held promise as one means to reach large numbers of people. However, this trial convincingly demonstrates that nutritional supplements do not help to prevent depression," he said in a university news release.
The study included more than 1,000 overweight or obese people in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany and Spain who were at risk for depression, but were not currently depressed.
Excess weight is often linked with depression, the researchers noted.
Half of the study participants took daily supplements containing folic acid, vitamin D, omega-3 fish oils, zinc and selenium. Half took a placebo pill.
Half were also counseled about their eating habits and urged to limit snacking and follow a healthy Mediterranean-style diet.
In a one-year follow-up, the researchers discovered that the supplements worked no better than the placebo in helping ward off depression.
Similarly, the counseling was not effective overall, though it seemed to help prevent depression in participants who attended a recommended number of sessions.
That suggests counseling works only if people get an adequate "dose" of therapy and make significant changes in their diet, according to the study
ed March 5 in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
"Because depression is such a common problem, finding effective and widely available ways to prevent depression at a population level is an important goal," said study co-author Ed Watkins.
He's a professor of experimental and applied clinical psychology at the University of Exeter in England.
"Diet and nutrition held promise as one means to reach large numbers of people. However, this trial convincingly demonstrates that nutritional supplements do not help to prevent depression," he said in a university news release.
Half of the study participants took daily supplements containing folic acid, vitamin D, omega-3 fish oils, zinc and selenium. Half took a placebo pill.
Half were also counseled about their eating habits and urged to limit snacking and follow a healthy Mediterranean-style diet.
In a one-year follow-up, the researchers discovered that the supplements worked no better than the placebo in helping ward off depression.
Similarly, the counseling was not effective overall, though it seemed to help prevent depression in participants who attended a recommended number of sessions.
That suggests counseling works only if people get an adequate "dose" of therapy and make significant changes in their diet, according to the study
ed March 5 in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
"Because depression is such a common problem, finding effective and widely available ways to prevent depression at a population level is an important goal," said study co-author Ed Watkins.
He's a professor of experimental and applied clinical psychology at the University of Exeter in England.
"Diet and nutrition held promise as one means to reach large numbers of people. However, this trial convincingly demonstrates that nutritional supplements do not help to prevent depression," he said in a university news release.
1 in 3 Young Adults Suffers From Loneliness in U.S.
For young adults, drugs and distracted driving are well-recognized health threats. Far less attention is paid to loneliness.
But loneliness is common -- and it is a particular problem for people aged 18 to 24, a new study suggests.
"We have this stereotype of the lonely old person in poor health, and the robust, socially active young person," said James Maddux, a senior scholar at George Mason University's Center for the Advancement of Well-Being, in Fairfax, Va.
"But that's not what this study found," added Maddux, who was not involved in the research.
The researchers found that of more than 1,200 patients at primary care offices, 20 percent said they at least sometimes felt lonely, isolated and "left out." Overall, those people gave lower ratings to their physical and mental health.
Loneliness was most common among patients younger than 25 -- with one-third reporting those feelings. In contrast, that was true for only 11 percent of adults older than 65, the investigators found.
The study is the latest to highlight what some researchers call a national "loneliness epidemic."
Last year, a study of more than 20,000 U.S. adults found that nearly half felt lonely at least sometimes. And only 53 percent said they had meaningful face-to-face interactions everyday.
Research suggests it's not only a social issue. Chronic loneliness is linked to heightened risks of conditions such as high blood pressure, heart disease, dementia and depression.
The study surveyed people at one point in time. So it's not clear whether loneliness preceded -- and possibly contributed to -- people's poorer health, said lead researcher Dr. Rebecca Mullen.
It's possible the relationship goes in "both directions" -- with loneliness and health issues feeding each other, added Mullen, an assistant professor at the University of Colorado School of Medicine.
In talking about loneliness, it's important to distinguish it from "time spent alone," said Maddux.
"People who are more introverted may be perfectly happy with their alone time," Maddux explained.
Subjective loneliness is different. It makes people feel bad. And, Maddux said, that can come with a "whole package" of issues, like poor diet, poor sleep and time spent on the couch instead of being physically active.
What's making Americans so lonely? In this study, certain people felt more alone than others -- including those living in poorer areas with high unemployment; unmarried people; and those aged 18 to 24.
The finding on young people is "interesting," Maddux said.
One obvious suspect would be social media. Does all that time on smartphones rob teenagers and young adults of meaningful face-to-face interaction?
There's some evidence of that, Maddux said. A number of studies have found correlations between young people's screen use and their likelihood of depression and loneliness.
Mullen also pointed to social media but said that, so far, research has been mixed as to whether smartphones are -- ironically -- disconnecting us.
At this point, Maddux said, "some research suggests time on social media can be psychologically unhealthy for some people."
If people are using social media to forge connections in addition to old-fashioned face time, that's one thing. But, Maddux said, if they just passively scroll through people's photos of their fabulous vacations -- or have online connections that are otherwise "unsatisfying" -- that's different.
Young people, he added, may have a harder time keeping those social media experiences in perspective -- and understanding that when other people post, they are probably trying to present their lives in the shiniest terms possible.
The findings were
ed in the March/April issue of Annals of Family Medicine. They're based on 1,235 adult primary care patients in Colorado and Virginia. All of the patients completed a standard three-question survey on loneliness -- asking how often they felt isolated, left out or lacking companionship.
One-fifth of patients scored high enough to be deemed "lonely." Those people reported an average of 10 "poor health days" a month -- versus four days among other patients.
Maddux said it's important for people to acknowledge and address their own feelings of loneliness -- and to reach out if they start seeing the signs in others.
"It can be easy for people to just gradually fade out of your life," he noted.
Loneliness, Mullen said, is a public health issue, and one people should be discussing.
"Let's work to decrease the stigma around loneliness," she said, "so that we can have open, honest conversations about it."
But loneliness is common -- and it is a particular problem for people aged 18 to 24, a new study suggests.
"We have this stereotype of the lonely old person in poor health, and the robust, socially active young person," said James Maddux, a senior scholar at George Mason University's Center for the Advancement of Well-Being, in Fairfax, Va.
"But that's not what this study found," added Maddux, who was not involved in the research.
The researchers found that of more than 1,200 patients at primary care offices, 20 percent said they at least sometimes felt lonely, isolated and "left out." Overall, those people gave lower ratings to their physical and mental health.
Loneliness was most common among patients younger than 25 -- with one-third reporting those feelings. In contrast, that was true for only 11 percent of adults older than 65, the investigators found.
The study is the latest to highlight what some researchers call a national "loneliness epidemic."
Last year, a study of more than 20,000 U.S. adults found that nearly half felt lonely at least sometimes. And only 53 percent said they had meaningful face-to-face interactions everyday.
Research suggests it's not only a social issue. Chronic loneliness is linked to heightened risks of conditions such as high blood pressure, heart disease, dementia and depression.
The study surveyed people at one point in time. So it's not clear whether loneliness preceded -- and possibly contributed to -- people's poorer health, said lead researcher Dr. Rebecca Mullen.
It's possible the relationship goes in "both directions" -- with loneliness and health issues feeding each other, added Mullen, an assistant professor at the University of Colorado School of Medicine.
In talking about loneliness, it's important to distinguish it from "time spent alone," said Maddux.
"People who are more introverted may be perfectly happy with their alone time," Maddux explained.
Subjective loneliness is different. It makes people feel bad. And, Maddux said, that can come with a "whole package" of issues, like poor diet, poor sleep and time spent on the couch instead of being physically active.
What's making Americans so lonely? In this study, certain people felt more alone than others -- including those living in poorer areas with high unemployment; unmarried people; and those aged 18 to 24.
The finding on young people is "interesting," Maddux said.
One obvious suspect would be social media. Does all that time on smartphones rob teenagers and young adults of meaningful face-to-face interaction?
There's some evidence of that, Maddux said. A number of studies have found correlations between young people's screen use and their likelihood of depression and loneliness.
Mullen also pointed to social media but said that, so far, research has been mixed as to whether smartphones are -- ironically -- disconnecting us.
At this point, Maddux said, "some research suggests time on social media can be psychologically unhealthy for some people."
If people are using social media to forge connections in addition to old-fashioned face time, that's one thing. But, Maddux said, if they just passively scroll through people's photos of their fabulous vacations -- or have online connections that are otherwise "unsatisfying" -- that's different.
Young people, he added, may have a harder time keeping those social media experiences in perspective -- and understanding that when other people post, they are probably trying to present their lives in the shiniest terms possible.
The findings were
ed in the March/April issue of Annals of Family Medicine. They're based on 1,235 adult primary care patients in Colorado and Virginia. All of the patients completed a standard three-question survey on loneliness -- asking how often they felt isolated, left out or lacking companionship.
One-fifth of patients scored high enough to be deemed "lonely." Those people reported an average of 10 "poor health days" a month -- versus four days among other patients.
Maddux said it's important for people to acknowledge and address their own feelings of loneliness -- and to reach out if they start seeing the signs in others.
"It can be easy for people to just gradually fade out of your life," he noted.
Loneliness, Mullen said, is a public health issue, and one people should be discussing.
"Let's work to decrease the stigma around loneliness," she said, "so that we can have open, honest conversations about it."
Saturday, June 15, 2019
The finding could have implications for a huge number of vets: Roughly eight in 10 VA-covered patients have additional private or public health insurance coverage. About 51 percent have Medicare, and about one-third of those receive Medicare Part D drug benefits.
But the problem may be more about poor oversight than addicted patients trying to game the system, noted study author Dr. Walid Gellad, a researcher with the VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System.
"Only in some limited circumstances -- and we don't know how many -- is this purposeful behavior by a patient to try and get additional opioids," he explained.
"I would not think of this as 'double-dipping' or 'being caught,'" Gellad added. "In some cases, receiving opioids from both systems could have happened at different times, as veterans got care in one system first, and then in another system later, or they go back and forth between VA and the private sector. In some cases, the opioids are prescribed at the same time, sometimes unintentionally, and sometimes intentionally."
Gellad and his team found that more than 3 million veterans filled at least one opioid prescription (either through the VA or another insurer) during the time period from July 2011 through December 2013.
To see how dual health insurance coverage might influence overdose risk, the team first examined the records of 215 veterans who died from an overdose between 2012 and 2013.
Their average age was 57, most (90 percent) were male and most (84 percent) were white. All had both VA and Medicare Part D health care coverage for at least six months prior to their deaths.
For comparison, the investigators also assessed opioid prescription patterns among a "control group" of more than 800 living vets of a similar age, race, health status and gender.
About 28 percent of those who had died due to an opioid overdose had obtained their meds from both the VA and through Medicare Part D. This compared with just 14 percent of the control group, the researchers found.
Still, Gellad stressed that systemic changes that curtail getting opioids from multiple sources have been implemented by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs since the study ended in 2013.
For example, he noted that "the VA has instituted requirements to check prescription drug monitoring programs, which should alert physicians to instances when opioids are prescribed in different systems."
But, "for this to work to reduce the risk of overdose, clinicians have to actually check, and they have to do something with the information when they find it," Gellad added.
"Ultimately, I think we will see automated alerts that will alert clinicians to a medication prescribed in one system if it, or an interacting medication, is also being prescribed in another system," Gellad said. "But for that to have an impact, it has to alert at the point of prescribing, which is not possible yet within [the] VA or outside [the] VA."
The report was
ed online March 12 in the Annals of Internal Medicine.
Dr. Carolyn Clancy, Deputy Under Secretary for Discovery, Education and Affiliate Networks with the VA in Washington, D.C., co-authored an accompanying journal editorial.
Clancy pointed out that "because of VA's existing robust and extensive patient record system, the department has had significant success in reducing opioid use and overdose risk."
The VA has been tracking problems related to dual access to medications "for some time," she said.
"That's why the department is constantly working to improve coordination with community providers," Clancy noted. "Especially through the implementation of electronic health record modernization."
And going forward, she said, the VA hopes to augment the current screening process afforded by state prescription drug monitoring programs, by "seeking to develop [its own] electronic system to automatically check all state prescription drug monitoring programs for each veteran to further improve care coordination."
"Only in some limited circumstances -- and we don't know how many -- is this purposeful behavior by a patient to try and get additional opioids," he explained.
"I would not think of this as 'double-dipping' or 'being caught,'" Gellad added. "In some cases, receiving opioids from both systems could have happened at different times, as veterans got care in one system first, and then in another system later, or they go back and forth between VA and the private sector. In some cases, the opioids are prescribed at the same time, sometimes unintentionally, and sometimes intentionally."
Gellad and his team found that more than 3 million veterans filled at least one opioid prescription (either through the VA or another insurer) during the time period from July 2011 through December 2013.
To see how dual health insurance coverage might influence overdose risk, the team first examined the records of 215 veterans who died from an overdose between 2012 and 2013.
Their average age was 57, most (90 percent) were male and most (84 percent) were white. All had both VA and Medicare Part D health care coverage for at least six months prior to their deaths.
For comparison, the investigators also assessed opioid prescription patterns among a "control group" of more than 800 living vets of a similar age, race, health status and gender.
About 28 percent of those who had died due to an opioid overdose had obtained their meds from both the VA and through Medicare Part D. This compared with just 14 percent of the control group, the researchers found.
Still, Gellad stressed that systemic changes that curtail getting opioids from multiple sources have been implemented by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs since the study ended in 2013.
For example, he noted that "the VA has instituted requirements to check prescription drug monitoring programs, which should alert physicians to instances when opioids are prescribed in different systems."
But, "for this to work to reduce the risk of overdose, clinicians have to actually check, and they have to do something with the information when they find it," Gellad added.
"Ultimately, I think we will see automated alerts that will alert clinicians to a medication prescribed in one system if it, or an interacting medication, is also being prescribed in another system," Gellad said. "But for that to have an impact, it has to alert at the point of prescribing, which is not possible yet within [the] VA or outside [the] VA."
The report was
ed online March 12 in the Annals of Internal Medicine.
Dr. Carolyn Clancy, Deputy Under Secretary for Discovery, Education and Affiliate Networks with the VA in Washington, D.C., co-authored an accompanying journal editorial.
Clancy pointed out that "because of VA's existing robust and extensive patient record system, the department has had significant success in reducing opioid use and overdose risk."
The VA has been tracking problems related to dual access to medications "for some time," she said.
"That's why the department is constantly working to improve coordination with community providers," Clancy noted. "Especially through the implementation of electronic health record modernization."
And going forward, she said, the VA hopes to augment the current screening process afforded by state prescription drug monitoring programs, by "seeking to develop [its own] electronic system to automatically check all state prescription drug monitoring programs for each veteran to further improve care coordination."
A Simple Way to Help Prevent Child Obesity
Kids who don't drink water take in nearly 100 more calories from sugary drinks every day than those who do, according to a recent Penn State study.
About one-fifth of children fall into the no-water group.
But a multi-year experiment in the New York City public schools involving more than 1 million students found that installing water dispensers in school can change that. Having dispensers increases the amount of water the kids drink, decreases purchases of sugary chocolate milk and the number of sodas and juices brought to school, and helps prevent excess weight in both boys and girls.
But it's not enough to simply tell kids to give up soda and other sugary drinks and have water instead. It needs to be easier for kids to make this choice. Parents can follow these steps from Children's Hospital Colorado to encourage kids to choose water.
Make drinking water more fun by adding frozen berries or grapes to a clear reusable water bottle designed for small hands.
Freeze small bottles of water to pack in their afterschool sports bag. The water will thaw during the day, yet still be cold and refreshing when they reach for it.
Let your kids keep the deposit money when you recycle store-bought bottled water containers.
When eating out, choose water as the beverage -- you'll not only save calories, but you'll also save money.
Finally, set the right example by drinking water yourself.
About one-fifth of children fall into the no-water group.
But a multi-year experiment in the New York City public schools involving more than 1 million students found that installing water dispensers in school can change that. Having dispensers increases the amount of water the kids drink, decreases purchases of sugary chocolate milk and the number of sodas and juices brought to school, and helps prevent excess weight in both boys and girls.
But it's not enough to simply tell kids to give up soda and other sugary drinks and have water instead. It needs to be easier for kids to make this choice. Parents can follow these steps from Children's Hospital Colorado to encourage kids to choose water.
Make drinking water more fun by adding frozen berries or grapes to a clear reusable water bottle designed for small hands.
Freeze small bottles of water to pack in their afterschool sports bag. The water will thaw during the day, yet still be cold and refreshing when they reach for it.
Let your kids keep the deposit money when you recycle store-bought bottled water containers.
When eating out, choose water as the beverage -- you'll not only save calories, but you'll also save money.
Finally, set the right example by drinking water yourself.
Friday, June 14, 2019
Leonardo da Vinci May Have Had ADHD
Leonardo da Vinci's legendary struggles to complete projects suggest he may have had attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a British researcher says.
That's the latest in a series of attempts to understand the genius and work habits of an inventor and artist often considered the most creative person ever known.
The fascination with da Vinci dovetails with the 500th anniversary of his death earlier this month.
In the latest theory, Marco Catani of King's College London said ADHD may have been a factor in da Vinci's chronic procrastination as well as his exceptional achievements. Catani's theory is based on historical accounts of da Vinci's work habits and behavior.
"While impossible to make a post-mortem diagnosis for someone who lived 500 years ago, I am confident that ADHD is the most convincing and scientifically plausible hypothesis to explain Leonardo's difficulty in finishing his works," said Catani, a professor of forensic and neurodevelopmental science.
"Historical records show Leonardo spent excessive time planning projects but lacked perseverance. ADHD could explain aspects of Leonardo's temperament and his strange mercurial genius," Catani explained in a college news release.
The inability to complete tasks was seen in da Vinci from childhood.
The artist was always on the go, often switching from project to project, and he worked around the clock by taking short naps, according to Catani, who specializes in treatment of conditions such as ADHD and autism.
Along with being left-handed, da Vinci was likely dyslexic and to have a dominance for language on the right side of his brain, Catani said. All are common in people with ADHD.
"There is a prevailing misconception that ADHD is typical of misbehaving children with low intelligence, destined for a troubled life," Catani said. "On the contrary, most of the adults I see in my clinic report having been bright, intuitive children but develop symptoms of anxiety and depression later in life for having failed to achieve their potential."
Catani said da Vinci considered himself a failure.
"I hope that the case of Leonardo shows that ADHD is not linked to low IQ or lack of creativity but rather the difficulty of capitalizing on natural talents," he said. "I hope that Leonardo's legacy can help us to change some of the stigma around ADHD."
The study was outlined in a paper
ed May 23 in the journal Brain.
Earlier this month, Dr. Salvatore Mangione, of Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia, said dyslexia was probably behind da Vinci's genius. Like ADHD, dyslexia does not affect intelligence, and research suggests people with the condition may be highly creative.
In an article in The American Journal of Medicine, Mangione noted da Vinci was an atrocious speller -- a sure sign of dyslexia.
Other recent research suggests da Vinci may have had an eye problem called strabismus, which makes 3D vision impossible. Having 2D vision is associated with dyslexia and skill in visual art, Mangione said.
That's the latest in a series of attempts to understand the genius and work habits of an inventor and artist often considered the most creative person ever known.
The fascination with da Vinci dovetails with the 500th anniversary of his death earlier this month.
In the latest theory, Marco Catani of King's College London said ADHD may have been a factor in da Vinci's chronic procrastination as well as his exceptional achievements. Catani's theory is based on historical accounts of da Vinci's work habits and behavior.
"While impossible to make a post-mortem diagnosis for someone who lived 500 years ago, I am confident that ADHD is the most convincing and scientifically plausible hypothesis to explain Leonardo's difficulty in finishing his works," said Catani, a professor of forensic and neurodevelopmental science.
"Historical records show Leonardo spent excessive time planning projects but lacked perseverance. ADHD could explain aspects of Leonardo's temperament and his strange mercurial genius," Catani explained in a college news release.
The inability to complete tasks was seen in da Vinci from childhood.
The artist was always on the go, often switching from project to project, and he worked around the clock by taking short naps, according to Catani, who specializes in treatment of conditions such as ADHD and autism.
Along with being left-handed, da Vinci was likely dyslexic and to have a dominance for language on the right side of his brain, Catani said. All are common in people with ADHD.
"There is a prevailing misconception that ADHD is typical of misbehaving children with low intelligence, destined for a troubled life," Catani said. "On the contrary, most of the adults I see in my clinic report having been bright, intuitive children but develop symptoms of anxiety and depression later in life for having failed to achieve their potential."
Catani said da Vinci considered himself a failure.
"I hope that the case of Leonardo shows that ADHD is not linked to low IQ or lack of creativity but rather the difficulty of capitalizing on natural talents," he said. "I hope that Leonardo's legacy can help us to change some of the stigma around ADHD."
The study was outlined in a paper
ed May 23 in the journal Brain.
Earlier this month, Dr. Salvatore Mangione, of Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia, said dyslexia was probably behind da Vinci's genius. Like ADHD, dyslexia does not affect intelligence, and research suggests people with the condition may be highly creative.
In an article in The American Journal of Medicine, Mangione noted da Vinci was an atrocious speller -- a sure sign of dyslexia.
Other recent research suggests da Vinci may have had an eye problem called strabismus, which makes 3D vision impossible. Having 2D vision is associated with dyslexia and skill in visual art, Mangione said.
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